Nigeria’s battle against hidden hunger is taking a new economic dimension as nutrition experts warn that widespread deficiencies in folate and vitamin B12 are fuelling preventable birth defects, undermining child development and weakening the country’s future workforce.
The experts are calling on the federal government to make the fortification of bouillon cubes with folic acid and vitamin B12 mandatory, describing it as a cost-effective intervention capable of protecting millions of Nigerians and strengthening human capital.
Blueprint reports that Nigeria records an estimated 7.5 million births annually, with about 11,000 babies reportedly born each year with neural tube defects (NTDs) serious abnormalities affecting the brain and spinal cord.
Experts say adequate folic acid intake before conception and during the early stages of pregnancy can reduce the risk of NTDs by as much as 70 per cent.
Beyond the health implications, they warned that the economic burden is enormous. Children affected by severe NTDs may require lifelong medical treatment, surgery, rehabilitation and specialised care, placing financial pressure on families, government and the healthcare system.
Some survivors live with permanent disabilities, while others die shortly after birth.
Nutrition specialists argue that many of these cases could be prevented if women receive sufficient folic acid before conception and during the first weeks of pregnancy
often before they know they are pregnant.
Dr. Jamila Lawal, a nutritionist and public health expert, said bouillon cubes provide an opportunity to reach women through a food product already deeply embedded in Nigeria’s food culture.
She stressed that food fortification should complement, rather than replace, folic acid supplementation, noting that some women begin taking supplements too late or do not take them consistently.
Olusola Malomo, Assistant Director of Dietetics, Lagos State Health Service Commission, General Hospital, Badagry, supported the proposal but called for strict regulatory controls.
He said manufacturers must add scientifically appropriate quantities of micronutrients and ensure that fortified products undergo rigorous testing.
Malomo also advocated nationwide public awareness campaigns on the importance of folic acid before conception and during early pregnancy.
Scientific evidence from the Condiment Micronutrient Innovation Trial (CoMIT) in Ghana, involving more than 2,000 women and children, found that fortified bouillon significantly improved folate and vitamin B12 levels.
Nigeria introduced voluntary standards for bouillon fortification in September 2024, permitting the addition of folic acid, vitamin B12, iron, zinc and iodine.
However, experts argue that voluntary adoption may not be sufficient to achieve nationwide impact.
With more than 40 per cent of Nigerian women of reproductive age estimated to have inadequate folate intake, nutrition advocates say mandatory fortification could become a major public-health and economic intervention. They urged policymakers to act, arguing that reducing preventable birth defects, improving cognitive development and building a healthier workforce are essential to Nigeria’s long-term economic growth.


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